{"id":23893,"date":"2021-05-17T07:32:57","date_gmt":"2021-05-17T05:32:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atomic-temporary-10999751.wpcomstaging.com\/?p=23893"},"modified":"2024-09-03T21:46:41","modified_gmt":"2024-09-03T20:46:41","slug":"memoire-ou-memoires-les-differents-types","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/format30.com\/es\/2021\/05\/17\/memoire-ou-memoires-les-differents-types\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00e9moire ou m\u00e9moires ?  Les diff\u00e9rents types"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-drop-cap has-palette-color-4-color has-palette-color-6-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Avons-nous une m\u00e9moire ?  Ou des m\u00e9moires ? Et qu&rsquo;est-ce que \u00e7a implique au niveau de la m\u00e9morisation ? Comment fonctionne ce syst\u00e8me complexe ?  C&rsquo;est ce que nous examinons dans cet article.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mis \u00e0 jour le 17 octobre 2023.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"yoast-reading-time__wrapper\"><span class=\"yoast-reading-time__icon\"><\/span><span class=\"yoast-reading-time__descriptive-text\">Temps de lecture estim\u00e9\u00a0:   <\/span><span class=\"yoast-reading-time__reading-time\">0<\/span><span class=\"yoast-reading-time__time-unit\"> minute<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-table-of-contents yoast-table-of-contents\"><h2>Table des mati\u00e8res<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"#h-la-memoire-consiste-en-un-systeme-de-memoires\">La m\u00e9moire consiste en un syst\u00e8me de m\u00e9moires<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-les-memoires-individuelles\">Les m\u00e9moires individuelles<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-1er-type-de-memoire-les-memoires-explicites\">1er type de m\u00e9moire : les m\u00e9moires explicites<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-2e-type-de-memoire-les-memoires-non-explicites-ou-implicites\">2e type de m\u00e9moire : les m\u00e9moires non-explicites ou implicites<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-2e-type-de-memoire-les-memoires-collectives\">2e type de m\u00e9moire : les m\u00e9moires collectives<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-3e-type-de-memoires-les-memoires-numeriques\">3e type de m\u00e9moires : les m\u00e9moires num\u00e9riques<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-conclusion-un-systeme-complexe-dont-il-reste-beaucoup-a-decouvrir\">Conclusion : un syst\u00e8me complexe dont il reste beaucoup \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quand j&rsquo;anime des ateliers sur ce sujet, je demande toujours \u00ab\u00a0qui \u00e0 une tr\u00e8s mauvaise m\u00e9moire ?\u00a0\u00bb pour d\u00e9signer la victime volontaire de l&rsquo;exercice sur <a href=\"https:\/\/format30.com\/es\/2013\/02\/04\/palais-de-memoire-comment-utiliser\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">le Palais de M\u00e9moire<\/a>.  Et \u00e7a ne rate jamais : j&rsquo;ai toujours au moins deux ou trois personnes qui l\u00e8vent le doigt avec beaucoup de conviction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pourtant, nous n&rsquo;avons pas qu&rsquo;une seule m\u00e9moire.  Nous en avons plusieurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-la-memoire-consiste-en-un-systeme-de-memoires\">La m\u00e9moire consiste en un syst\u00e8me de m\u00e9moires<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Et ces m\u00e9moires ne fonctionnent pas de mani\u00e8re isol\u00e9e.  Elles forment un syst\u00e8me complexe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Je vous propose de les passer en revue.  Vous pouvez soit lire l&rsquo;article complet, soit visionner la pr\u00e9sentation Genially ci-dessous :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-genially wp-block-embed-genially\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Les types de m\u00e9moire cv\" frameborder='0' width='1200' height='675' src='https:\/\/view.genially.com\/5e96dae0c17d2a0db0961674#?secret=z5DUc3hJR3' data-secret='z5DUc3hJR3' scrolling='yes'><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Pr\u00e9sentation des diff\u00e9rents syst\u00e8mes qui composent notre m\u00e9moire<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-les-memoires-individuelles\">Les m\u00e9moires individuelles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce sont celles que nous croyons conna\u00eetre le mieux.  En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, nous commen\u00e7ons seulement \u00e0 comprendre comment elles fonctionnent&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1er-type-de-memoire-les-memoires-explicites\">1er type de m\u00e9moire : les m\u00e9moires explicites<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les m\u00e9moires explicites concernent les choses, les pens\u00e9es verbalisables. Elles sont donc trait \u00e0 tout ce qui est langage verbal, \u00e9crit ou oral. Ce sont elles qui nous permettent de retenir les noms des personnes, des choses ou des villes, par exemple. On les appelle aussi \u00ab\u00a0<strong>m\u00e9moires d\u00e9claratives<\/strong>\u00ab\u00a0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-la-memoire-semantique\">La m\u00e9moire s\u00e9mantique<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C&rsquo;est celle du temps pr\u00e9sent, sans contexte particulier.  C&rsquo;est elle qui fait que nous savons que Paris est la capitale de la France.  Mais sans nous souvenir pour autant de quand ni comment nous l&rsquo;avons appris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" data-attachment-id=\"23905\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/format30.com\/es\/memoire-semantique\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/8c2a8-memoire-semantique.jpg?fit=1920%2C1080&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"M\u00e9moire s\u00e9mantique\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Photo de la tour Eiffel, symbole de Paris&lt;\/p&gt;\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Exemple de m\u00e9moire s\u00e9mantique&lt;\/p&gt;\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/8c2a8-memoire-semantique.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/8c2a8-memoire-semantique.jpg?resize=1920%2C1080&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"M\u00e9moire s\u00e9mantique : je sais que Paris est la capitale de la France\" class=\"wp-image-23905\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Exemple de m\u00e9moire s\u00e9mantique<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette m\u00e9morisation d\u00e9pend <strong>du sens que nous donnons aux mots<\/strong>.  C&rsquo;est celle de la <strong>culture g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/strong>, celle qui accumule les mots et les faits que nous accumulons tout au long de notre vie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-la-memoire-episodique\">La m\u00e9moire \u00e9pisodique<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C&rsquo;est celle qui nous permet de relier un fait \u00e0 un temps de notre existence.  On l&rsquo;appelle aussi <strong>m\u00e9moire autobiographique.<\/strong>  Elle nous permet de construire le r\u00e9cit de notre propre vie et donc une composante essentielle de notre identit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Des maladies comme celle d&rsquo;Alzheimer affectent cette m\u00e9moire et plonge les personnes atteintes dans un profond d\u00e9sarroi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2e-type-de-memoire-les-memoires-non-explicites-ou-implicites\">2e type de m\u00e9moire : les m\u00e9moires non-explicites ou implicites<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce sont des m\u00e9moires qui ne sont pas li\u00e9es au verbal, \u00e0 l&rsquo;usage des mots.  Elles pr\u00e9c\u00e8dent la verbalisation.  Par exemple, nous pouvons reconna\u00eetre un objet \u00e0 sa forme, sans en conna\u00eetre le nom.  Si nous sommes en Russie et que nous ne connaissons pas le Russe, nous pouvons reconna\u00eetre une tasse de th\u00e9, m\u00eame si nous ne connaissons pas son nom en russe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-la-memoire-procedurale\">La m\u00e9moire proc\u00e9durale<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C&rsquo;est une m\u00e9moire log\u00e9e dans le striatum : une zone stri\u00e9e du cerveau.  Et qui a pour r\u00f4le de m\u00e9moriser des encha\u00eenements de gestes : des proc\u00e9dures.  Lorsque vous apprenez \u00e0 nager, \u00e0 rouler \u00e0 v\u00e9lo ou \u00e0 utiliser un clavier d&rsquo;ordinateur, c&rsquo;est cette partie du cerveau qui entre en jeu.  Elle a besoin d&rsquo;entra\u00eenement, de r\u00e9p\u00e9tition &#8211; un <a href=\"https:\/\/format30.com\/es\/2013\/01\/22\/principes-de-memorisation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">des principes de m\u00e9morisation<\/a> &#8211; pour s&rsquo;activer.  Mais c&rsquo;est une m\u00e9moire p\u00e9renne, tr\u00e8s r\u00e9sistante.  La sagesse populaire le sait lorsqu&rsquo;elle affirme \u00ab\u00a0nager ou rouler \u00e0 v\u00e9lo, \u00e7a ne s&rsquo;oublie pas\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" data-attachment-id=\"23915\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/format30.com\/es\/memoire-procedurale-savoir-nager\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/05ff0-memoire-procedurale-savoir-nager.jpg?fit=1920%2C1080&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"M\u00e9moire proc\u00e9durale savoir nager\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Un homme nage en piscine avec bonnet et lunettes&lt;\/p&gt;\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Apprendre \u00e0 nager gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la m\u00e9moire proc\u00e9durale&lt;\/p&gt;\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/05ff0-memoire-procedurale-savoir-nager.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/05ff0-memoire-procedurale-savoir-nager.jpg?resize=1920%2C1080&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"M\u00e9moire proc\u00e9durale - apprendre \u00e0 nager\" class=\"wp-image-23915\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Apprendre \u00e0 nager gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la m\u00e9moire proc\u00e9durale<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-la-memoire-perceptuelle\">La m\u00e9moire perceptuelle<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C&rsquo;est la m\u00e9moire qui nous permet de reconna\u00eetre les objets, les formes. Par exemple, c&rsquo;est la m\u00e9moire perceptuelle qui nous permet de distinguer entre une pomme et une poire.  Elle est \u00ab\u00a0pr\u00e9-linguistique\u00a0\u00bb : car nous n&rsquo;avons pas besoin de conna\u00eetre le mot \u00ab\u00a0poire\u00a0\u00bb pour reconna\u00eetre le fruit.  M\u00eame les personnes qui souffrent d&rsquo;une d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration de la m\u00e9moire s\u00e9mantique peuvent distinguer une poire d&rsquo;une pomme, m\u00eame si elles ne sont plus capables de nommer ni l&rsquo;une ni l&rsquo;autre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-la-memoire-d-amorcage\">La m\u00e9moire d&rsquo;amor\u00e7age<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Appel\u00e9e aussi \u00ab\u00a0priming\u00a0\u00bb, c&rsquo;est une m\u00e9moire qui nous permet de reconna\u00eetre les objets, les personnes ou les images que nous avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 rencontr\u00e9s.  Elle est beaucoup plus efficace que la m\u00e9moire s\u00e9mantique.  Mais elle peut \u00eatre un pi\u00e8ge, notamment pour les enseignants et les formateurs.  Car, dans les tests \u00e0 choix multiples, souvent, les apprenants utilisent cette m\u00e9moire d&rsquo;amor\u00e7age : il reconnaissent le mot ou la notion.  Mais si vous leur demander d&rsquo;effectuer un test sans leur fournir plusieurs r\u00e9ponses, ils sont perdus : car il n&rsquo;ont pas m\u00e9moris\u00e9 du point de vue s\u00e9mantique.  Ils reconnaissent des notions que peut-\u00eatre ils ne comprennent pas.  En outre, ils sont parfaitement incapables d&rsquo;utiliser ces notions dans un autre contexte.  Autrement dit, ils sont en plein dans l&rsquo;illusion de ma\u00eetrise de la mati\u00e8re&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2e-type-de-memoire-les-memoires-collectives\">2e type de m\u00e9moire : les m\u00e9moires collectives<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C&rsquo;est le sociologue fran\u00e7ais Maurice Hallbwachs qui est \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine des recherches sur les m\u00e9moires collectives.  Il s&rsquo;agit ici non de souvenirs appartenant \u00e0 une seule personne, mais bien \u00e0 des groupes.  Et l&rsquo;un des m\u00e9rites de Maurice Hallbwachs \u00e9tait son intuition que les unes influencent les autres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ces m\u00e9moires collectives s&rsquo;ench\u00e2ssent les unes dans les autres : au niveau national, r\u00e9gional, d&rsquo;une ville, d&rsquo;une \u00e9cole, d&rsquo;une famille, etc.  Elles sont intimement li\u00e9es aux groupes auxquels nous appartenons.  Et elles \u00e9voluent avec eux.  Contrairement \u00e0 ce que nous pourrions croire, elles ne sont pas plus stables que les m\u00e9moires individuelles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-les-memoires-culturelles\">Les m\u00e9moires culturelles<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00e9ronique Charl\u00e9ty, dans son livre <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.be\/books\/about\/Berlin_en_mus%C3%A9e.html?id=amKWlP-jeigC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Berlin en mus\u00e9e<\/a>, les d\u00e9crit comme :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Ensemble des souvenirs, constitu\u00e9s et mis en forme. Un savoir collectif partag\u00e9 du pass\u00e9 et sur lequel reposent l&rsquo;identit\u00e9, la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 et l&rsquo;unicit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un groupe.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C&rsquo;est donc celle des discours officiels, des <a href=\"https:\/\/format30.com\/es\/2021\/05\/05\/hololens-ar-et-patrimoine-artistique-a-louvain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">expositions des mus\u00e9es<\/a>, des c\u00e9l\u00e9brations et des comm\u00e9morations et du fameux \u00ab\u00a0devoir de m\u00e9moire\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" data-attachment-id=\"23944\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/format30.com\/es\/memoire-culturelle-ceremonies-et-celebrations\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/70ffa-memoire-culturelle-ceremonies-et-celebrations.jpg?fit=1920%2C1080&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"M\u00e9moire culturelle c\u00e9r\u00e9monies et c\u00e9l\u00e9brations\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Un officier de marine enfile un gant blanc lors d&amp;rsquo;une c\u00e9r\u00e9monie&lt;\/p&gt;\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;M\u00e9moire culturelle : c\u00e9r\u00e9monies et c\u00e9l\u00e9brations&lt;\/p&gt;\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/70ffa-memoire-culturelle-ceremonies-et-celebrations.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/70ffa-memoire-culturelle-ceremonies-et-celebrations.jpg?resize=1920%2C1080&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"M\u00e9moire culturelle : c\u00e9r\u00e9monies et c\u00e9l\u00e9brations concourent \u00e0 l'identit\u00e9 du groupe\" class=\"wp-image-23944\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">M\u00e9moire culturelle : c\u00e9r\u00e9monies et c\u00e9l\u00e9brations<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ces m\u00e9moires culturelles se subdivisent encore en deux sous-cat\u00e9gories :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-le-reservoir\">Le r\u00e9servoir<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour le philosophe allemand Schopenhauer, la m\u00e9moire culturelle est un \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9servoir\u00a0\u00bb dans lequel les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations puisent une connaissance qui leur permet de comprendre leur propre pr\u00e9sent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-la-memoire-fonctionnelle\">La m\u00e9moire fonctionnelle<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maurice Halbwachs, le sociologue qui a le premier \u00e9mis l&rsquo;id\u00e9e de m\u00e9moire collective, d\u00e9finit la m\u00e9moire fonctionnelle comme celle qui permet \u00e0 un groupe de se distinguer d&rsquo;un autre groupe. Par exemple, dans une famille, outre le nom, les souvenirs communs distinguent le groupe familial des autres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-la-memoire-communicative\">La m\u00e9moire communicative<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Faisons appel de  nouveau \u00e0 l&rsquo;ouvrage de V\u00e9ronique Charl\u00e9ty : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00ab\u00a0La m\u00e9moire communicative ne r\u00e9pertorie que le pass\u00e9 le plus r\u00e9cent. Elle recouvre l&rsquo;ensemble des souvenirs que l&rsquo;individu partage avec ses contemporains et qui circulent dans les situations quotidiennes de face-\u00e0-face. La m\u00e9moire communicative dispara\u00eet en m\u00eame temps que disparaissent ses supports. Jan Assmann la nomme aussi \u00ab\u00a0m\u00e9moire g\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelle\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La m\u00e9moire collective qui circule sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux est aussi une m\u00e9moire communicative.<br \/>Souvent,&nbsp; un statut ou une information chasse l&rsquo;autre, plus rapidement encore que dans les m\u00e9dias traditionnels.<br \/>Cette m\u00e9moire se combine \u00e0 d&rsquo;autres pour constituer l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 des groupes et communaut\u00e9s virtuels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-3e-type-de-memoires-les-memoires-numeriques\">3e type de m\u00e9moires : les m\u00e9moires num\u00e9riques<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les m\u00e9moires p\u00e9riph\u00e9riques existent depuis plusieurs milliers d&rsquo;ann\u00e9es. Depuis Lascaux, les hommes dessinent pour se souvenir. Ensuite, l&rsquo;humanit\u00e9 a stock\u00e9 sa m\u00e9moire sur divers supports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depuis peu, les m\u00e9moires num\u00e9riques \u00e9tendent elles-aussi les m\u00e9moires humaines. Elles sont tr\u00e8s efficaces, car peuvent stocker d&rsquo;\u00e9normes quantit\u00e9s de souvenirs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elles peuvent aussi nous aider \u00e0 comprendre comment fonctionnent les m\u00e9moires humaines. Bien qu&rsquo;elles fonctionnent d&rsquo;une fa\u00e7on radicalement diff\u00e9rente : leurs donn\u00e9es sont stock\u00e9es sur des supports magn\u00e9tiques (disques durs). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mais leur souci principal est leur absence de p\u00e9rennit\u00e9&#8230;  Par exemple, combien de machines sont encore capables de lire des disquettes des ann\u00e9es 1980 ?  Alors que nous sommes toujours en mesure &#8211; du moins certains d&rsquo;entre nous &#8211; de lire des tablettes sum\u00e9riennes datant de 5.000 ans&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" data-attachment-id=\"23947\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/format30.com\/es\/memoires-numeriques-problemes-de-perennite\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/70cca-memoires-numeriques-problemes-de-perennite.jpg?fit=1920%2C1080&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"M\u00e9moires num\u00e9riques probl\u00e8mes de p\u00e9rennit\u00e9\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Disquettes des ann\u00e9es 1990, illisibles aujourd&amp;rsquo;hui&lt;\/p&gt;\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Quelle long\u00e9vit\u00e9 pour les supports num\u00e9riques ?&lt;\/p&gt;\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/70cca-memoires-numeriques-problemes-de-perennite.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/70cca-memoires-numeriques-problemes-de-perennite.jpg?resize=1920%2C1080&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"M\u00e9moires num\u00e9riques : probl\u00e8mes de p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 des supports \u00e0 long terme\" class=\"wp-image-23947\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Quelle long\u00e9vit\u00e9 pour les supports num\u00e9riques ?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-les-memoires-locales\">Les m\u00e9moires locales<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les m\u00e9moires p\u00e9riph\u00e9riques locales sont int\u00e9gr\u00e9es \u00e0 votre ordinateur : c&rsquo;est, par exemple, un disque dur. Vous devez pouvoir acc\u00e9der directement \u00e0 cette m\u00e9moire pour en utiliser le contenu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ces m\u00e9moires ne sont interrogeables qu&rsquo;\u00e0 proximit\u00e9.  Ce sont des m\u00e9moires magn\u00e9tiques, susceptibles d&rsquo;\u00eatre d\u00e9grad\u00e9es par la proximit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un aimant ou d&rsquo;un autre champ magn\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-les-memoires-mobiles\">Les m\u00e9moires mobiles<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les m\u00e9moires p\u00e9riph\u00e9riques mobiles vous permettent de sauvegarder vos donn\u00e9es et votre travail sur un support mobile. La cl\u00e9 USB en est un bon exemple.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elle vous permet de sauvegarder des donn\u00e9es et de les emporter avec vous. Et de les r\u00e9-exploiter avec un autre ordinateur auquel vous la connectez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-le-cloud\">Le Cloud<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le Cloud (ou nuage) : son nom est trompeur, car il laisse entendre que les donn\u00e9es \u00ab\u00a0flottent\u00a0\u00bb quelque part dans un univers \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb. En fait, il n&rsquo;en est rien : vos donn\u00e9es sont stock\u00e9es sur des ordinateurs distants, des serveurs sur lesquels vous avez peu de contr\u00f4le, m\u00eame s&rsquo;il est vrai qu&rsquo;ils rendent d&rsquo;\u00e9normes services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Certains fournisseurs am\u00e9ricains ou leurs filiales europ\u00e9ennes sont li\u00e9es par la loi aux autorit\u00e9s am\u00e9ricaines et sont susceptibles de fournir une copie de vos donn\u00e9es, m\u00eame priv\u00e9es, aux autorit\u00e9s de leur pays d&rsquo;origine. En outre, ces entreprises travaillent avec d&rsquo;\u00e9normes structures qui posent de plus en plus de probl\u00e8me en mati\u00e8re de consommation d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie et de pollutions diverses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1088\" height=\"519\" data-attachment-id=\"23967\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/format30.com\/es\/types-de-memoire\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/47916-types-de-memoire.jpg?fit=1088%2C519&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1088,519\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Types de m\u00e9moire\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Organigramme illustrant les types de m\u00e9moires&lt;\/p&gt;\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Diff\u00e9rents types de m\u00e9moires&lt;\/p&gt;\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/47916-types-de-memoire.jpg?fit=1024%2C488&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/47916-types-de-memoire.jpg?resize=1088%2C519&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Diff\u00e9rents types de m\u00e9moire\" class=\"wp-image-23967\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Diff\u00e9rents types de m\u00e9moires<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cette carte peut \u00eatre t\u00e9l\u00e9charg\u00e9e gratuitement au format XMind <a href=\"https:\/\/format30.com\/es\/memoires-cartes-mentales-gratuites\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">depuis notre page M\u00e9moires<\/a>.  Vous pouvez \u00e9galement la t\u00e9l\u00e9charger au format PDF en cliquant sur le bouton T\u00e9l\u00e9charger ci-dessous.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-a606eeb1-e70d-4edd-8fab-cee5a6a9a733\" href=\"https:\/\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/f5643-types-de-memoire.pdf\">Carte mentale au format PDF<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/format30.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/f5643-types-de-memoire.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-a606eeb1-e70d-4edd-8fab-cee5a6a9a733\">Descargar<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-conclusion-un-systeme-complexe-dont-il-reste-beaucoup-a-decouvrir\">Conclusion : un syst\u00e8me complexe dont il reste beaucoup \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notre cerveau et son fonctionnement commencent seulement \u00e0 se d\u00e9voiler gr\u00e2ce aux nouvelles techniques d&rsquo;investigation et au d\u00e9veloppement des sciences neurocognitives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mais il reste beaucoup \u00e0 comprendre.  Par exemple, on sait que le syst\u00e8me limbique est le si\u00e8ge de nos \u00e9motions primaire et aussi de la m\u00e9morisation \u00e0 long terme.  Mais des d\u00e9couvertes r\u00e9centes montrent qu&rsquo;en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 le cerveau est globalement impliqu\u00e9 dans les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de m\u00e9morisation.  Et que le cervelet joue souvent un r\u00f4le plus actif et important que nous ne pensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Et nos facult\u00e9s de m\u00e9morisation constituent, elles aussi, un syst\u00e8me complexe.  \u00c0 nous de tirer parti des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s sp\u00e9cifiques de ces diff\u00e9rentes m\u00e9moires pour mieux apprendre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00bfTe ha gustado este art\u00edculo? Suscr\u00edbete. <a href=\"https:\/\/activepedagogy.substack.com\/\">a nuestro bolet\u00edn informativo<\/a> pour ne manquer aucune publication ou \u00e9v\u00e9nement !<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Avons-nous une ou plusieurs m\u00e9moires ?  Et comment fonctionnent-elles ?  Un article et une pr\u00e9sentation pour tout comprendre.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":7601135,"featured_media":23950,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[35729463],"tags":[179880,774161939,774161940,48173898,87169,38353459,571843591,774161941,774161942,774161943],"class_list":["post-23893","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-memoire-2","tag-memoire","tag-memoire-communicative","tag-memoire-reservoir","tag-memoire-semantique","tag-memoires","tag-memoires-collectives","tag-memoires-culturelles","tag-memoires-explicites","tag-memoires-individuelles","tag-memoires-numeriques"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>M\u00e9moire ou m\u00e9moires ? 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