{"id":32943,"date":"2023-08-30T08:28:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-30T06:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atomic-temporary-10999751.wpcomstaging.com\/?p=32943"},"modified":"2024-09-03T21:46:42","modified_gmt":"2024-09-03T20:46:42","slug":"comment-cartographier-une-maladie-lexemple-du-cholera","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/format30.com\/fr_fr\/2023\/08\/30\/comment-cartographier-une-maladie-lexemple-du-cholera\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment cartographier une maladie ? L’exemple du chol\u00e9ra"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Comment cartographier l’origine et l’expansion d’une maladie ? Le Docteur John Snow \u00e9tait un pr\u00e9curseur. \u00c0 l’aide d’une carte de Londres et de sa distribution d’eau, il a pu prouver que l’origine du chol\u00e9ra \u00e9tait non pas l’air insalubre, comme on le croyait depuis des si\u00e8cles. Mais, que c’\u00e9tait l’eau contamin\u00e9e qui se chargeait de transmettre la maladie aux Londoniens.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cet article est le premier d’une s\u00e9rie sur les outils de la pens\u00e9e visuelle<\/a> et comment ceux-ci peuvent jouer un r\u00f4le dans des applications tr\u00e8s concr\u00e8tes. Y compris, parfois, dans la naissance de th\u00e9ories scientifiques. Ou encore, dans l’\u00e9volution de la connaissance. Oui, certains outils visuels ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 changer le monde.<\/strong> C’est le cas de notre carte du jour : celle du chol\u00e9ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment d\u00e9montrer la nature d’une maladie mal comprise ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Comment
La pompe de Broadstreet<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Depuis des si\u00e8cles, les m\u00e9decins et autres savants attribuaient l’origine des maladies \u00e0 l’impuret\u00e9 de l’air. La peste, la malaria ou le chol\u00e9ra \u00e9taient dus \u00e0 un air impur, combl\u00e9 de miasmes<\/a>. Les \u00ab\u00a0miasmes\u00a0\u00bb, que nous utilisons encore de temps en temps dans le langage courant, \u00e9taient des particules nocives qui transportaient les maladies d’une personne \u00e0 l’autre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lorsqu’en 1854, une \u00e9pid\u00e9mie de chol\u00e9ra \u00e9clate \u00e0 Londres, tous les m\u00e9decins attribuent donc cette crise sanitaire aux miasmes. Tous, sauf le docteur John Snow<\/a>. Ce dernier ne croit plus \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie des miasmes. Les savants de son \u00e9poque le ridiculiseront lorsqu’il affirmera que c’est l’eau contamin\u00e9e de la ville qui tue les habitants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pourtant, John Snow n’abandonne pas. Il soup\u00e7onne une pompe de Broadstreet, dans le quartier de Soho, d’\u00eatre \u00e0 l’origine de la contamination. Aujourd’hui, elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9plac\u00e9e et vous pouvez en admirer une reproduction entre Mayfair et Covent Garden.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Comment cartographier l’expansion de la maladie depuis cette pompe ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

John Snow a une id\u00e9e de g\u00e9nie : il va partir de cette pompe, qu’il consid\u00e8re comme le foyer de l’\u00e9pid\u00e9mie. Et il va ajouter sur une carte de Londres tous les cas identifi\u00e9s de la maladie.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Comment
La carte originale du Docteur Snow<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Au centre de cette carte, on voit parfaitement la concentration dense de cas de chol\u00e9ras autour de la pompe de Broadstreet<\/strong> (les carr\u00e9s et rectangles noirs repr\u00e9sentent les b\u00e2timents dans lesquels vivaient des personnes infect\u00e9es). Plus on s’\u00e9loigne de Broadstreet et de sa fameuse pompe, plus le nombre de cas diminue\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s que Snow a montr\u00e9 sa carte aux autorit\u00e9s, la th\u00e9orie des miasmes a perdu de sa force. Il a bien fallu se rendre \u00e0 l’\u00e9vidence : c’\u00e9tait bien une contamination de l’eau qui \u00e9tait \u00e0 l’origine de cette affreuse \u00e9pid\u00e9mie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cela ne r\u00e9solvait pas tous les probl\u00e8mes : l’\u00e9pid\u00e9mie ne s’est pas arr\u00eat\u00e9e avant 1860, malgr\u00e9 les efforts de Snow et de certains de ses coll\u00e8gues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce n’est d’ailleurs qu’en 1866 que les autorit\u00e9s m\u00e9dicales britanniques reconna\u00eetront officiellement que le diagnostic de John Snow \u00e9tait exact\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Image de Vibrio Bacteria<\/em>, responsable du chol\u00e9ra, au microscope \u00e9lectronique<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La semaine prochaine, je vous propose de d\u00e9couvrir le diagramme qui a permis \u00e0 Darwin<\/a> de mieux comprendre l’\u00e9volution des esp\u00e8ces<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vous avez appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 cet article ? Inscrivez-vous \u00e0 notre lettre d’information gratuite<\/a> et ne manquez plus aucune de nos publications !<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Comment cartographier l’origine et l’expansion d’une maladie ? Le Docteur John Snow \u00e9tait un pr\u00e9curseur. \u00c0 l’aide d’une carte de Londres et de sa distribution d’eau, il a pu prouver […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7601135,"featured_media":32970,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[30086,11886],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32943","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cartographie","category-outils"],"yoast_head":"\nComment cartographier une maladie ? 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