{"id":32989,"date":"2023-09-06T08:15:18","date_gmt":"2023-09-06T06:15:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atomic-temporary-10999751.wpcomstaging.com\/fr_fr\/?p=32989"},"modified":"2024-09-03T21:46:42","modified_gmt":"2024-09-03T20:46:42","slug":"le-diagramme-de-darwin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/format30.com\/fr_fr\/2023\/09\/06\/le-diagramme-de-darwin\/","title":{"rendered":"Le diagramme de Darwin"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Lorsqu’il r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissait \u00e0 l’\u00e9volution des esp\u00e8ces, Charles Darwin a eu recours \u00e0 un diagramme. Nous vous le pr\u00e9sentons dans cet article.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deuxi\u00e8me article de notre s\u00e9rie sur la pens\u00e9e visuelle, apr\u00e8s celui sur la carte du Docteur Snow<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 27 d\u00e9cembre 1831, le jeune Charles Darwin embarque comme naturaliste sur le Beagle. Le navire a \u00e9t\u00e9 affr\u00e9t\u00e9 pour la deuxi\u00e8me mission cartographique et hydrographique en Terre de Feu du capitaine Fitzroy. Cette exp\u00e9dition devait durer deux ans : elle ne reviendra pas avant cinq ans. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cinq ans pendant lesquels Darwin observe et \u00e9tudie inlassablement tout ce qui lui tombe sous les yeux. Dans son livre Le Voyage du Beagle<\/a>, publi\u00e9 en 1939, il d\u00e9crit non seulement les \u00e9tapes de son voyage, mais aussi les nombreuses observations qu’il a pu faire sur la flore, la faune et le sol de chaque lieu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa prose n’est jamais s\u00e8che ou ampoul\u00e9e malgr\u00e9 sa prodigieuse \u00e9rudition. Il conserve une \u00e9tonnante capacit\u00e9 d’\u00e9merveillement devant la beaut\u00e9 des paysages ou l’\u00e9tranget\u00e9 de certains comportements animaux. Il se fait anthropologue aussi, rapportant avec un plaisir certain les coutumes locales ou les modes de vie de diff\u00e9rents groupes. Il ne se met jamais en avant de mani\u00e8re avantageuse. Au contraire, il peut faire preuve d’autod\u00e9rision, comme quand il raconte ses d\u00e9boires avec les bolas lors de son s\u00e9jour chez les gauchos en Uruguay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Darwin est non seulement un des plus grands esprits scientifiques de son \u00e9poque. C’est aussi un admirable \u00e9crivain, tr\u00e8s agr\u00e9able \u00e0 lire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant !<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et pourtant, quand il veut d\u00e9crire ses premi\u00e8res intuitions sur l’\u00e9volution des esp\u00e8ces, il utilise non pas la parole, mais un diagramme<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce diagramme de Darwin ne figure pas dans le Voyage du Beagle, pourtant publi\u00e9 en 1839. Darwin l’a esquiss\u00e9 sur un carnet en 1837, \u00e0 peine d\u00e9barqu\u00e9 de son voyage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Le
Le diagramme de Darwin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sur cette page, il \u00e9crit d’abord \u00ab\u00a0I think\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Je pense\u00a0\u00bb. Mais avant d’aller plus loin dans l’\u00e9criture, Darwin dessine un arbre de vie. Cet arbre d\u00e9crit ce qu’il appelle alors la \u00abtransmutation des esp\u00e8ces\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb, qu’il rebaptisera \u00ab\u00e9volution des esp\u00e8ces\u00bb dans un ouvrage c\u00e9l\u00e8bre<\/a> publi\u00e9 plus de vingt ans plus tard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce que je trouve fascinant, pour ma part, c’est que cet esprit scientifique, par ailleurs ma\u00eetre des mots ait d\u00fb recourir \u00e0 un diagramme pour d\u00e9crire sa pens\u00e9e. L’id\u00e9e \u00e9tait-elle trop r\u00e9volutionnaire pour \u00eatre exprim\u00e9e par la parole ? Ou Darwin devait-il visualiser son id\u00e9e avant de bien la saisir lui-m\u00eame ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personnellement, je pencherais volontiers pour la seconde solution. J’ai souvent exp\u00e9riment\u00e9 le fait que des concepts complexes, difficiles \u00e0 verbaliser, pouvaient \u00eatre compris d’un regard \u00e0 partir d’un graphique bien con\u00e7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sur ces deux graphiques, Darwin n’a indiqu\u00e9 le nom d’aucune esp\u00e8ce. Ce n’est qu’en 1868 qu’il dessinera un arbre des esp\u00e8ces qui d\u00e9crit l’\u00e9volution depuis les primates jusqu’\u00e0 l’homme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Le
L’arbre d’\u00e9volution des primates jusqu’\u00e0 l’homme<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Darwin n’est pas le premier \u00e0 utiliser la figure de l’arbre pour illustrer l’\u00e9volution d’un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne ou la hi\u00e9rarchie entre les sciences. Le philosophe catalan Raymond Lulle bien avant lui a recouru \u00e0 cette m\u00e9taphore visuelle. Et apr\u00e8s Darwin, une foule de scientifiques ont r\u00e9nov\u00e9 ce graphique pour illustrer de nombreux concepts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La semaine prochaine, je vous propose de suivre les voyages de Christophe Colomb avec une carte interactive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vous avez appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 cet article ? Inscrivez-vous \u00e0 notre lettre d’information P\u00e9dagogies actives,<\/a> c’est gratuit.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lorsqu’il r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissait \u00e0 l’\u00e9volution des esp\u00e8ces, Charles Darwin a eu recours \u00e0 un diagramme. Nous vous le pr\u00e9sentons dans cet article. Deuxi\u00e8me article de notre s\u00e9rie sur la pens\u00e9e visuelle, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7601135,"featured_media":33062,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[694901,11886],"tags":[716732,24605680,10699810,606517517],"class_list":["post-32989","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-concept-map","category-outils","tag-arbre-de-vie","tag-evolution-de-lhomme","tag-carte-conceptuelle","tag-le-voyage-du-beagle"],"yoast_head":"\nLe 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