{"id":36227,"date":"2014-02-04T18:22:40","date_gmt":"2014-02-04T17:22:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/atomic-temporary-10999751.wpcomstaging.com\/?p=8440"},"modified":"2023-09-25T13:09:28","modified_gmt":"2023-09-25T12:09:28","slug":"petite-histoire-de-la-formation-a-distance-infographie-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/format30.com\/pt\/2014\/02\/04\/petite-histoire-de-la-formation-a-distance-infographie-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Formation \u00e0 distance – petite histoire et infographie"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Devenez<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Quand on parle de formation \u00e0 distance, on pense imm\u00e9diatement \u00e0 l’e-learning et \u00e0 Internet.  Mais en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, la formation \u00e0 distance a d\u00e9j\u00e0 une tr\u00e8s longue histoire derri\u00e8re elle, vieille de pr\u00e8s de 3 si\u00e8cles.  Voici une infographie et un article pour revoir un peu cette petite histoire de la formation \u00e0 distance.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mise \u00e0 jour <\/span>le 10 aout 2023.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La formation \u00e0 distance : une histoire vieille de pr\u00e8s de trois si\u00e8cles !<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L’engouement r\u00e9cent pour les MOOCs (cours en ligne massif et ouverts) <\/a>et pour l’e-learning en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral <\/a>nous font oublier \u00e0 quel point l’histoire de la formation \u00e0 distance<\/em> est d\u00e9j\u00e0 riche et ancienne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En effet, peu de personnes savent que les premiers cours \u00e0 distance<\/em> ont \u00e9t\u00e9 propos\u00e9s d\u00e8s 1728<\/strong>, par un certain Caleb Phillips. \u00a0Ce monsieur proposait des cours de correspondance priv\u00e9e \u00e0 travers des petites annonces publi\u00e9es dans la Boston Gazette.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Cliquez sur l’infographie pour l’agrandir).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"infographie<\/a>
Petite histoire de la formation \u00e0 distance<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

A formation par correspondance<\/em> allait rester la norme pour l‘enseignement \u00e0 distance<\/em> pendant plusieurs si\u00e8cles, au point que les deux notions seront longtemps pratiquement \u00e9quivalentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1.840, Sir Isaac Pitman invente une m\u00e9thode de st\u00e9nographie.  Pour la populariser, il propose des cours par correspondance<\/em>.  Il est bient\u00f4t suivi sur le continent par deux associ\u00e9s de Berlin, Charles Toussaint et Gustav Langenscheidt qui lancent leur propre \u00e9cole de correspondance et popularisent \u00e9galement la st\u00e9nographie.  Leur entreprise survivra jusqu’\u00e0 la seconde guerre mondiale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1858, l’Universit\u00e9 de Londres<\/em> sera la premi\u00e8re \u00e0 dispenser des dipl\u00f4mes reconnaissant les formations obtenus par correspondance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1873, Anna Ticknor fonde la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d’Encouragement pour l’\u00c9tude \u00e0 domicile : une \u00e9cole pareillement par correspondance et qui vise plus sp\u00e9cifiquement un public f\u00e9minin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’enseignement \u00e0 distance en France<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

En France, comme dans de nombreux autres pays, la formation \u00e0 distance a commenc\u00e9 par un \u00e9tablissement priv\u00e9 : l’institut Eyrolles. \u00a0Le d\u00e9veloppement industriel exige du personnel mieux form\u00e9 et l’enseignement \u00e0 distance fournit un outil de perfectionnement appr\u00e9ci\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais il faudra attendre la seconde guerre mondiale pour la cr\u00e9ation d’un institut national de formation \u00e0 distance.  Et encore, celui-ci sera provisoire, puisque le pays est en guerre.  C’est en 1939 que na\u00eet le Service d’Enseignement par correspondance.  En 1944, \u00e0 la fin du conflit, il devient le Centre national d’enseignement par correspondance <\/strong>(CNEPC), dont le statut de \u00ab\u00a0lyc\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb lui vaut d’assurer la scolarit\u00e9 des enfants malades, des invalides de guerre, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il faudra encore plusieurs mutations et quelques d\u00e9cennies pour que ce service devienne le CNED ou Centre national d’enseignement \u00e0 distance <\/strong>tel que nous le connaissons aujourd’hui.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’enseignement \u00e0 distance en Belgique<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

En Belgique aussi, le premier \u00e9tablissement de formation \u00e0 distance est d’origine priv\u00e9e : l’Institut l’Avenir<\/em> (c’est son nom) est fond\u00e9 en 1904.  Il connaissait un succ\u00e8s r\u00e9el, avec plus de 10.000 inscrits en 1923.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les autorit\u00e9s publiques se sont int\u00e9ress\u00e9es \u00e0 ce type d’enseignement \u00e0 partir du \u00ab\u00a0Pacte scolaire<\/em><\/a>\u00a0\u00bb de 1958.   Elles lancent un programme exp\u00e9rimental, d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 ceux qui \u00ab\u00a0malgr\u00e9 des conditions d\u00e9plorables de sant\u00e9, de situation \u00e9conomique ou sociale, ont la volont\u00e9 de s\u2019instruire et d\u2019acqu\u00e9rir une promotion intellectuelle, sociale ou professionnelle, un enseignement qui soit adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 leur situation.<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb  Ce programme comptera 310 inscrits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une initiative qui ne plaira pas \u00e0 l’institut l’Avenir<\/em> qui introduira un recours aupr\u00e8s du ministre de l’\u00c9ducation…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1961, un Arr\u00eat\u00e9 Royal cr\u00e9e un service permanent d’enseignement \u00e0 distance, qui prendra lui aussi diverses formes, jusqu’\u00e0 ce que les comp\u00e9tences en mati\u00e8re d’\u00e9ducation ne soient confi\u00e9es \u00e0 la Communaut\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise en 1976. \u00a0Mais ce ne sera que 8 ans plus tard, en 1984, qu’un d\u00e9cret en fixera la forme actuelle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deuxi\u00e8me \u00e8re de la formation \u00e0 distance : la radio et la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La radio et la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision vont d\u00e9connecter la formation \u00e0 distance de la correspondance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1948, l’Am\u00e9ricain John Wilkinson s’allie \u00e0 la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre station NBC pour proposer des cours radiophoniques du niveau du coll\u00e8ge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cinq ans plus tard, en 1953, l’universit\u00e9 de Houston propose les premi\u00e8res classes bas\u00e9es sur un enseignement retransmis par la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les autorit\u00e9s britanniques comprennent l’int\u00e9r\u00eat de ces m\u00e9dias et fondent Open University<\/strong><\/em> (Universit\u00e9 ouverte \u2014 dont j’ai \u00e9t\u00e9 un \u00e9tudiant heureux \ud83d\ude09 ) d\u00e8s 1969. \u00a0Une vraie universit\u00e9 \u00e0 distance qui propose des cours et des dipl\u00f4mes aussi bien en musicologie qu’en techniques informatiques ou en chimie organique.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Troisi\u00e8me \u00e8re de la formation \u00e0 distance : la r\u00e9volution Internet<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Mais ce qui allait r\u00e9volutionner l’enseignement \u00e0 distance pour toujours, c’\u00e9tait Internet <\/strong>!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e8s 1999, la toile proposait des cours \u00e0 distance<\/em> avec des outils tels que BlackBoard<\/em>, e-College<\/em> ou encore SmartThinking<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e8s 2001, la plateforme constructiviste MOODLE<\/em> faisait son apparition et proposait des interactions entre les apprenants en ligne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le Sloan Consortium<\/em>, en 2009, 4,9 millions de personnes s’\u00e9taient inscrites \u00e0 au moins un cours en ligne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et puis, un nouveau venu a fait son apparition il y a quelques ann\u00e9es : le MOOC<\/strong><\/em>.  Le Massive Online Open Course<\/strong><\/em> – cours en ligne, massif et ouvert.   C’est Dave Cormier qui, le premier, a utilis\u00e9 le mot MOOC<\/em> pour parler du cours Connectivism and Connective Knowledge<\/i> (\u00e9galement connu sous l’appellation CCK08<\/i>).  Ce cours \u00e9tait d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par George Siemens et Steven Downes pour l’Universit\u00e9 du Manitoba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S’agissait-il vraiment du premier MOOC ?  Sa premi\u00e8re place est contest\u00e9e par divers op\u00e9rateurs, mais l’important est le principe de ces MOOCs : des cours ouverts, gratuits, en ligne et auxquels chacun peut s’inscrire pour obtenir un certificat, par pure curiosit\u00e9, pour s’am\u00e9liorer en vue d’une promotion, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les MOOCs connaissent un engouement sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent et contribueront sans doute, dans les ann\u00e9es toutes proches, \u00e0 la naissance d’autres formes de formation en ligne encore plus participatives et interactives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En France, Remi Bachelet a cr\u00e9\u00e9 un MOOC<\/em> de Gestion de projet<\/em> \u00a0pour l’\u00c9cole centrale de Lille en 2013. \u00a0Il est le premier \u00e0 offrir une certification. Mais le premier MOOC fran\u00e7ais serait celui d’ITyPA<\/em>, acronyme de \u00ab\u00a0Internet, Tout y est Pour apprendre<\/em>\u00ab\u00a0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 2014, Coursera entame une s\u00e9rie de sp\u00e9cialisations : \u00a0des cours certifi\u00e9s qui se succ\u00e8dent pour former une v\u00e9ritable fili\u00e8re de formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le web 2.0, avec sa philosophie d’\u00e9changes et de participation, g\u00e9n\u00e9rera sans doute de nouvelles formes d’apprentissage et de formation en ligne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Restez \u00e0 l’\u00e9coute, je vous donnerai d’autres informations sur la formation \u00e0 distance et l’e-learning tr\u00e8s bient\u00f4t…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Devenez<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vous avez aim\u00e9 cet article ?\u00a0 Inscrivez-vous \u00e0\u00a0notre newsletter<\/a><\/span><\/span>\u00a0et ne ratez plus aucun article ou \u00e9v\u00e9nement !<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

De quand date la formation \u00e0 distance ? 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